Important Uterine Diseases in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Introduction

The uterus plays a vital role in a female dog's reproductive health. However, various uterine diseases can affect dogs, leading to serious health complications if left untreated. In this article, we will explore the most important uterine diseases in dogs, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

1. Pyometra: A Life-Threatening Uterine Infection

What is Pyometra?

Pyometra is a severe bacterial infection of the uterus that commonly affects middle-aged and older unspayed female dogs. It occurs due to hormonal changes after estrus (heat cycle), leading to fluid accumulation in the uterus, which provides a breeding ground for bacteria.

Causes of Pyometra

• Repeated exposure to progesterone after heat cycles
• Bacterial infection (commonly Escherichia coli)
• Poor hygiene during estrus
• Prolonged use of hormonal drugs (e.g., estrogen and progesterone)

Symptoms of Pyometra

• Open Pyometra (cervix open): Pus discharge from the vulva, fever, lethargy, and increased thirst.
• Closed Pyometra (cervix closed): No visible discharge, bloated abdomen, vomiting, depression, and severe illness.

Diagnosis

• Ultrasound: Confirms uterine enlargement and fluid accumulation.
• Blood tests: Show increased white blood cell count and kidney dysfunction.
• X-rays: Help in assessing uterine enlargement.

Treatment Options

• Emergency Spaying (Ovariohysterectomy): The most effective treatment, involving the removal of the infected uterus.
• Antibiotics and Fluid Therapy: Used in mild cases or when surgery is not immediately possible.
• Hormonal Therapy (Prostaglandins): Rarely used due to potential complications.

2. Metritis: Postpartum Uterine Infection

What is Metritis?

Metritis is an inflammation of the uterus that occurs after whelping (giving birth). It is caused by bacterial infections that enter the uterus during or after delivery.

Causes of Metritis

• Retained placenta or dead fetus
• Difficult or prolonged labor
• Bacterial contamination during delivery
• Incomplete expulsion of uterine contents

Symptoms of Metritis

• Fever and lethargy
• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
• Loss of appetite and dehydration
• Neglecting puppies due to discomfort
• Abdominal pain and swelling

Diagnosis

• Physical Examination: Checking for fever and uterine pain.
• Ultrasound/X-ray: To detect retained fetal material.
• Blood Tests: Show increased white blood cell count.

Treatment Options

• Antibiotics: To control infection.
• Oxytocin Injections: To help expel retained material.
• Surgery (Spaying): Recommended in severe cases.
• Supportive Care: Includes IV fluids and nutritional support.

3. Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH): A Precursor to Pyometra

What is CEH?

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH) is a condition where the uterine lining thickens due to repeated exposure to progesterone. This condition increases the risk of pyometra.

Causes of CEH

• Hormonal imbalances due to repeated estrus cycles
• Aging
• Long-term use of synthetic hormones

Symptoms of CEH

• Irregular heat cycles
• Infertility or difficulty conceiving
• Thickened uterine walls (seen on ultrasound)

Diagnosis

• Ultrasound: Shows cystic changes in the uterus.
• Endometrial Biopsy: Helps confirm the condition.

Treatment Options

• Spaying (Ovariohysterectomy): The best preventive measure.
• Hormonal Therapy: Used in some cases, but not always effective.

4. Uterine Tumors in Dogs

What are Uterine Tumors?

Uterine tumors are rare in dogs, but when they occur, they are often benign (non-cancerous) fibroids or leiomyomas. However, malignant tumors such as uterine adenocarcinoma can develop in some cases.

Causes of Uterine Tumors

• Genetic predisposition
• Chronic hormonal stimulation
• Age-related changes in the uterus

Symptoms of Uterine Tumors

• Abdominal swelling
• Vaginal discharge (bloody or pus-like)
• Weight loss and decreased appetite
• Pain or discomfort in the abdomen

Diagnosis

• Ultrasound/X-ray: Helps detect uterine masses.
• Biopsy: Confirms if the tumor is benign or malignant.

Treatment Options

• Surgical Removal (Spaying): The primary treatment for benign tumors.
• Chemotherapy or Radiation: Used for malignant tumors, depending on severity.

Preventing Uterine Diseases in Dogs

• Spaying (Ovariohysterectomy): The most effective way to prevent uterine diseases, including pyometra and tumors.
• Proper Breeding Practices: Ensuring clean and controlled mating conditions reduces infection risks.
• Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Routine ultrasounds and exams help detect early signs of uterine problems.
• Hygiene During Whelping: Maintaining cleanliness during delivery prevents infections like metritis.

Conclusion

Uterine diseases in dogs can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. Conditions like pyometra, metritis, CEH, and uterine tumors can severely impact a dog’s health and reproductive ability. Spaying remains the best preventive measure for most of these conditions. If you notice any abnormal signs in your female dog, consult a veterinarian immediately for diagnosis and treatment.