Feline Mycoplasmosis

 

Feline Mycoplasmosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management

Introduction

Feline mycoplasmosis, also known as feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis (FHM) or hemobartonellosis, is a bacterial infection caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, and Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis. These bacteria attach to red blood cells, leading to anemia and other systemic health issues in cats. The disease is more common in immunocompromised or outdoor cats exposed to blood-sucking parasites like fleas and ticks.

This comprehensive guide will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of feline mycoplasmosis, helping pet owners understand how to protect their cats from this potentially serious condition.

What is Feline Mycoplasmosis?

Feline mycoplasmosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects a cat's red blood cells. The disease is classified into three main types based on the causative bacteria:

  • Mycoplasma haemofelis – The most pathogenic and severe form, leading to hemolytic anemia.
  • Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum – Generally less severe and often found in cats with underlying conditions.
  • Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis – Rare and usually found in co-infections with other bacteria.

These bacteria compromise red blood cells, causing anemia and, in severe cases, life-threatening complications.

Causes and Risk Factors of Feline Mycoplasmosis

Feline mycoplasmosis is transmitted through several routes, including:

  1. Blood-Sucking Parasites – Fleas, ticks, and lice play a significant role in transmitting the bacteria.
  2. Bites and Scratches – Aggressive interactions between cats can lead to blood exchange, facilitating transmission.
  3. Contaminated Needles and Blood Transfusions – Sharing needles or receiving infected blood can spread the disease.
  4. Congenital Transmission – Infected mother cats may pass the bacteria to their kittens through the placenta or nursing.
  5. Immunosuppression – Cats with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) or Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) are more susceptible.

Outdoor cats and those in multi-cat households face a higher risk of infection due to increased exposure to fleas, ticks, and fights.

Symptoms of Feline Mycoplasmosis

Symptoms vary depending on the severity of infection, underlying conditions, and immune response. Common clinical signs include:

Early Symptoms

  • Mild fever
  • Lethargy and weakness
  • Loss of appetite

Advanced Symptoms

  • Pale or yellowish gums (jaundice)
  • Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
  • Labored breathing
  • Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
  • Sudden weight loss

Severe cases can lead to life-threatening anemia, requiring immediate veterinary intervention.

Diagnosis of Feline Mycoplasmosis

Diagnosing feline mycoplasmosis involves multiple tests to confirm the presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis and assess its impact on red blood cells.

Common Diagnostic Methods

  1. Complete Blood Count (CBC) – Reveals anemia, reduced red blood cell count, and possible infection indicators.
  2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test – Detects Mycoplasma DNA in blood samples, confirming infection.
  3. Blood Smear Microscopy – Identifies Mycoplasma bacteria attached to red blood cells.
  4. Serology Tests – Measures immune response and antibody levels.
  5. Biochemical Panel – Assesses organ function and detects liver involvement.

Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and management.

Treatment of Feline Mycoplasmosis

Treatment focuses on eliminating the bacteria, managing symptoms, and supporting overall health.

1. Antibiotic Therapy

Since Mycoplasma bacteria lack a cell wall, certain antibiotics are effective:

  • Doxycycline (preferred choice, given for 3-4 weeks)
  • Enrofloxacin (Baytril) (alternative antibiotic with caution due to potential side effects)
  • Azithromycin (for resistant cases)

2. Supportive Care

  • Blood Transfusion – Necessary for cats with severe anemia.
  • Fluid Therapy – Maintains hydration and electrolyte balance.
  • Nutritional Support – High-protein diets help recovery.
  • Anti-inflammatory Medications – Reduce fever and discomfort.

3. Monitoring and Follow-Up

  • Regular blood tests to track recovery.
  • Follow-up PCR tests to confirm bacterial elimination.
  • Preventive measures to avoid reinfection.

Most cats respond well to treatment, but immunocompromised cats may require long-term management.

Prevention of Feline Mycoplasmosis

Prevention strategies aim to minimize exposure to the bacteria and strengthen a cat’s immune system.

1. Flea and Tick Control

  • Use vet-recommended flea preventatives.
  • Regularly check for and remove external parasites.

2. Hygiene and Isolation

  • Keep infected cats separated from healthy cats.
  • Disinfect litter boxes, food bowls, and bedding.

3. Strengthening Immunity

  • Provide a balanced, nutritious diet.
  • Reduce stress to maintain a strong immune response.
  • Keep up with routine vaccinations to prevent secondary infections.

4. Screening Before Blood Transfusions

  • Test blood donors for Mycoplasma infections.
  • Avoid using untested or shared needles in multi-cat households.

By taking these steps, pet owners can significantly reduce the risk of feline mycoplasmosis in their cats.

Can Humans Get Mycoplasmosis from Cats?

Feline mycoplasmosis is considered species-specific, meaning it does not pose a direct risk to humans. However, proper hygiene and flea control remain essential to prevent secondary bacterial infections.

Conclusion

Feline mycoplasmosis is a serious bacterial infection that can lead to life-threatening anemia if left untreated. Early detection, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and preventive measures are key to managing this disease effectively.

Key Takeaways:

  • Mycoplasma haemofelis is the most pathogenic species, leading to hemolytic anemia.
  • The disease spreads through fleas, ticks, blood transfusions, and cat fights.
  • Diagnosis involves PCR testing, blood smears, and CBC analysis.
  • Treatment includes antibiotics, supportive care, and regular monitoring.
  • Prevention focuses on parasite control, hygiene, and immune support.

By staying informed and proactive, cat owners can ensure their pets remain healthy and protected against feline mycoplasmosis.

References

  1. American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) - Feline Infectious Diseases.
  2. Merck Veterinary Manual - Hemotropic Mycoplasmosis in Cats.
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Bacterial Infections in Companion Animals.
  4. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery - Advances in Mycoplasma Diagnosis and Treatment.

For expert advice, always consult a licensed veterinarian.

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